Declaration of principles governing the sea-bed and the ocean floor, andthe subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction
The Declaration of Principles Governing the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor, and the Subsoil Thereof, Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, commonly known as the “Declaration on the Oceans,” is a significant international agreement that establishes principles for the exploration and use of the sea-bed and its resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970 and serves as a guiding framework for the development of subsequent treaties and agreements related to the oceans.
Here are the key principles outlined in the Declaration:
- Common Heritage of Mankind: The resources of the sea-bed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction are considered the common heritage of mankind. All states, whether coastal or land-locked, have the right to participate in their exploration and exploitation.
- Non-Appropriation: No state or individual can claim or assert sovereignty or any other rights over any part of the sea-bed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction. These areas are to be considered international territory.
- International Cooperation: States are encouraged to promote and undertake joint activities and scientific research concerning the sea-bed and ocean floor for the benefit of all humankind.
- Benefit Sharing: The benefits derived from the exploration and exploitation of the sea-bed and its resources should be shared equitably among all states, particularly those that are developing countries or land-locked.
- Protection of the Marine Environment: States have a responsibility to protect and preserve the marine environment from pollution or other harmful activities resulting from the exploration and exploitation of the sea-bed and its resources.
- Freedom of Scientific Research: States have the freedom to conduct scientific research on the sea-bed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction, with the obligation to share the results for the benefit of all.
- Settlement of Disputes: Disputes relating to the interpretation or application of the principles outlined in the declaration should be resolved peacefully through negotiations or other peaceful means.
These principles have served as the basis for subsequent agreements related to the oceans, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted in 1982. UNCLOS builds upon and expands the principles established in the Declaration and provides a comprehensive legal framework for the governance of the world’s oceans.
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