AbdulRehman Foundation

Democracy in Pakistan has had a complex and often turbulent history since the country’s independence in 1947. While Pakistan has experienced periods of democratic rule, military interventions and periods of authoritarianism have also been prevalent. Here is an overview of democracy in Pakistan:

1. Early Years and Constitutions:
   • Pakistan’s first constitution was adopted in 1956, establishing it as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system. However, political instability and tensions between political and military leaders led to the imposition of martial law in 1958, marking the first military coup.
2. Military Interventions and Periods of Authoritarian Rule:
   • Pakistan has experienced multiple military takeovers and periods of direct military rule. Military leaders like Ayub Khan (1958-1969), Zia ul Haq (1977-1988), and Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008) held power for significant periods, suppressing political opposition and curtailing civil liberties.
3. Return to Democracy:
   • Despite interruptions, Pakistan has also seen intermittent periods of democratic rule. The 1970s witnessed the emergence of popular political parties, such as the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Bhutto became the first democratically elected civilian Prime Minister in 1973.
4. Bhutto’s Assassination and the Rise of Military Rule:
   • Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was overthrown in a military coup in 1977, and General Zia ul Haq assumed power. Bhutto was later executed in 1979, which sparked nationwide protests and political upheaval.
5. Democratic Transition in the 1990s:
   • The 1990s saw a return to democracy with the election of Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, as Prime Minister in 1988 and again in 1993. However, her governments were marred by allegations of corruption and political instability.
6. Recent Years:
   • Since the early 2000s, Pakistan has witnessed a mix of democratic and military-led transitions. Pervez Musharraf came to power through a coup in 1999 and ruled until 2008 when widespread protests and political pressure forced him to resign. Subsequently, democratic elections were held, and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) have alternated in power.
7. Challenges and Issues:
   • Democracy in Pakistan faces several challenges, including weak institutions, corruption, political polarization, and the influence of the military on politics. Other issues include socioeconomic disparities, sectarian tensions, and the fight against extremist groups.

Despite the challenges, Pakistan has seen progress in strengthening democratic institutions and safeguarding civil liberties. Elections have been held regularly, and a vibrant media and civil society actively participate in the political discourse. However, the country continues to grapple with balancing democratic principles, rule of law, and stability in a complex geopolitical environment.